MBA Corporate Governance And Responsibility Essay Example for Free

MBA Corporate Governance And Responsibility EssayWhy did it take 10 years to dumbfound Harshad Mehta to justice? What weaknesses in the financial tierets allowed such ab ingestion to succeed?Harshad Mehtas scam was one which involved huge magnitudes, which is why it probably came into light in the first place.1 Scams of smaller magnitude argon happening almost everyday at the Bombay Stock Exchange but not coming to light. There be many reasons for this. Some of the major reasons ar briefly discussed below.The Indian businesses have traditionally organism family owned. Owing to cin one casentration of money in a few hands, most people have strong on survival and security due to which the risking loving entrepreneurial skill has not developed much. Being family owned businesses, a lot of insider and sensitive cultivation is often available to the owners and their relatives even though the company is technically a separate legal entity. Given this insider information and t he relatively weak legal machinery, it is calorie-free for the insiders to manipulate prices of stocks by large buying or selling.The reason outlined above in like manner gives rise to the herd mentality i.e. if bulk activity is seen on a stock on a particular day in a particular reaction people seem to trust it quickly believe that some one with insider and reliable information is acting upon it. This is what helped Harshad Mehta in pulling off the scam. Further, thither are hardly any checks and balances on the end use of loans given by banks and other financial institutions. They seem to be satisfied by the reputation of the borrower and once they are convinced that he gouge withdraw the money, the end use of the similar whether for speculation or any other activity is hardly looked into.It took as long as ten years to bring Harshad Mehta to justice due to the combination of many systemic failures and procedural lacuna. Firstly, it is difficult to pin point in such a huge ma rket as to where the first default or br each(prenominal) of law took place. Further, there are many procedural approvals that must be taken before the regulator can take any concrete action. The countrys civil procedure process is quite slow too, with many appeals available before an offender is finally convicted. Therefore, even high profile cases such as these often take several years before finally being disposed off.How can morality in the boardroom be monitored and controlled?Ethics, in the first place, is a rather complicated and complex issue. There is no straightjacket formula as distinguishable situations would demand divergent measures. In the boardroom, where money is at stake, and everyone has their own business to mind, it is probably even more difficult. This has been a subject of considerable debate, and there are certain measures which companies should generally apply, with specific variations in accordance with the particular situation at hand. Some of these ge neral principles are briefly discussed below.2 Firstly, there has to be unforgiving avoidance of concentration of grand powers and functions in a few hands. As can be seen from the Maxwell Affair of 1991, too many responsibilities in different areas of management are likely to be fatal to the company. Further, the delegation of power must not be absolute. Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. There should be checks and balances right upto the top level. At the top most level, where it is difficult to have checks and balances in a vertical hierarchy, the same should be had using a level structure. Strong ethical base and principles must come in from the top and trickle down to the bottom. It is important that these principles are insisted upon, no depicted object how bad a situation a company is in. They should be introduced as non-negotiable to every new employee who joins, so that when he climbs the ranks in the corporate ladder, he is equally insistent some such principles. Gradually, a strong ethical culture is built.Is there a discernible difference between Enrons fraud and Madoffs appeal to elect investors?There is quite a discernible difference between Enrons fraud and Madoffs appeal to elite investors. Enrons fraud was a happen case of lack of watchful auditing and poor accounting practices. The profits were terribly overstated and the accounts were shown to pose a rosy picture of the state of affairs of the company. The unfeigned state of affairs was not revealed to the shareholders and other stakeholders in the company. The auditors were cleverly deceived, and they too didnt do any follow up action.3 Madoffs case is a much more complex one than Enron. Madoffs case has largely been seen as one which could never be expected, and therefore no laws are in place to remedy such a situation. Unlike Enrons case, which can be foreseen, Madoffs case was completely unique and innovative. Enrons case has been foreseen by the law makers, due to which many laws are in place to keep in check of the same.Firstly, there are accounting standards and conventions which must be adhered to by all companies. Second, all companies are statutorily required to get their accounts audited so as to doubly visit that they reflect a true and fair observe of the affairs of the company. Although it has been said in a landmark decision, that an auditor is a watchdog and not a bloodhound, it can be said that the auditors failed to do an upto-the mark job in Enron and hence the scandal.4 However, in complete contrast, Madoffs case is so unexpected that there are no laws which effectively deal with such a situation. He used his reputation of being an expert at the Wall Street and a continued promise to offer secured and steady returns to snatch many high net worth individuals of millions of dollars. Such an exercise of personal confidence is difficult for the law to stop. Now, in retrospect, of course there are laws which commandment c ertain disclosures in case of any broker or person dealing on anothers behalf in the stock market. Further, there are investor awareness and know-your-rights campaigns by the regulator. Thus, another importance difference between the two scandals which essentially flows from the main difference is the solutions that they demand are very different from each other.What steps would you take as an independent director on the board of a company where you had reason to believe that fraudulent or unethical activities were being carried out by the high-profile company leader?First of all, being an independent director, there is a great amount of responsibility on my shoulder to ensure that such policies are pushed for, which make it near to impossible for fraudulent or unethical activities to be carried out by any individual in the company. However, if this was to happen, there would be a series of measures I would attempt to take.Firstly, it would be important to get the whole Board of Dir ectors, or as far as it may be practicable, into confidence so as to ensure that the top level management is not divided on such an important issue. Once this is done, it is important to have an internal conference with the suspected offender about his objectionable activities. It is important at this stage to consider all possible solutions to the problem, as plainspoken action against such a person should be the last resort, given that such information is particularly sensitive, and it would adversely affect the reputation of the company, if it were to get leaked.Therefore, it is also important that only so many people are made aware of such a situation as are required. It is essential that the matter not be lingered, and damage control be the top most priority. Again, every possible option should be explored including plea bargaining and settlement through with(predicate) mediation or negotiation.5The suspected offender should also be taken into confidence that full disclosure would be in his best interests too. No scourge or action should be immediately taken against him, as and then he might attempt to conceal the substance of the matter, which would be eventually then take a long time to be fathomed. Any severe action contemplated should be taken only once the issue has been fully resolved.Finally, once the issue has been resolved, there should be a fall back to see why such an event happened, and what can the company do in coming(prenominal) to prevent it. The offender should not be let off lightly, as this may go on to set a bad example. At the same time, the best interests of the company in the long run must be kept in mind.REFERENCESAnonymous, Harshad Mehta A Scandal to Remember f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010).Anonymous, Key Biscayne conjunction in Madoff Scandal, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010.Cathy Thomas, Behind the Enron Scandal, TIME Magazine, June 2002.Kevin MacDonald, Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?, Occidental quarterly Online, July 2010.Stephanie Maier, How global is good corporate presidential term?, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005.1 Anonymous, Harshad Mehta A Scandal to Remember c.f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010).2 Stephanie Maier, How global is good corporate governance?, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005.3 Cathy Thomas, Behind the Enron Scandal, TIME Magazine, June 2002.4 Kevin MacDonald, Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?, Occidental Quarterly Online, July 2010.5 Anonymous, Key Biscayne Connection in Madoff Scandal, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010.

Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example for Free

Letter from Birmingham Jail EssayTo defend against criticism is superstar thing, to convince the critic is another. The latter is out-of-the-way(prenominal) more ch on the wholeenging, though none could say with merit that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a man unsuited for battling adversity. In 1963, King was jailed for marching without impart in the city of Birmingham. His detractors regarded his actions as, unwise and untimely (King 1), prompting the civil rights activist to respond with Letter From Birmingham Jail. In it, King utilizes the three classic appeals, scriptural references, various forms of rhetoric, and a carefully selected tone to create a wonderfully worded rig that serves the purpose of arguing his side. An argumentative piece is any writing that supports a specific set of opinions and beliefs. Often times, they utilize the three classical appeals in order to persuade the audience of tell ideas. In the letter, King makes use of all three. For instance, he applies logos, the logical appeal, in the lines, Several months ago the Southern Christian Leadership Conference affiliates here in Birmingham asked me to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here, (King 1).In order to justify his mien in Birmingham, something called into question by his fellow clergymen, King presents basic logic. He was there because he was invited, an inarguable fact that grants him reason for presence and serves the point of spur others to accept his arrival in Birmingham as justified. That said, this fact would fall flat if Kings position was nothing outside a man in jail.The second classical appeal is ethos, the ethical appeal. Most often, the ethical appeal builds up the reservoirs appearance, making them into a figure the audience believes suitable of listening to. Though few of the young world would question Kings words, many of his contemporaries viewed hi m poorly. So, in order to convince these people of his position, he had to highlight his better qualities.In expressing his genealogy as, being the son, the grandson and the great-grandson of preachers, (King 7), King successfully makes himself out to be a man who has a close connection to the church. This makes him a more valid figure to his audience, particularly because they are clergymen. As a valid figure, the audience is more likely to accept his words as align and reasonable, thereby increasing chances that they come to agree with his argument. That said, such would not occur if all King presented, as a valid figure or otherwise, was logic. A connection to the audience is just as vital as all else, after all.The final classical appeal is pathos, the emotional appeal. It serves to make a tie-up between the argument and the audiences feelings, thereby impassioning the topic for them. King accomplishes this seamlessly by selecting the perfect medium for his audience of religio us peoples. Emotionally charged scriptural references strike out at Kings readers, grasping them by the heart and shoving them into compliance. This can be seen in the statement, Yes, I see the church as the body of Christ. But, ohHow we have blemished and scarred that body through social neglect and through fear of being nonconformists, (King 7). King conjects that the people of the church have damaged it and, therefore, have damaged Christ himself. This statement would illicit an emotional response from any Christian, particularly feelings of horror and guilt. Because of this response, the readers are more likely to imagine Kings opinions in order to avoid further damaging Christ and also to seek forgiveness for earlier infringements. Still, knowing both sides as reasonable is not always enough. To completely convince his readers, King had to discredit their own views.Antithesis is an example of a rhetorical device, one that presents the opposing idea to the authors thesis before pointing out its flaws. Of the many forms of rhetoric King uses, this one appears the most frequently and serves the largest role in supporting his purpose of win over his fellows. In fact, it appears at the start of many of Kings body paragraphs, such as with the declaration, In your statement you assert that our actions, even though peaceful, must(prenominal) be condemned because they precipitate violence. But is this a logical assertion?(King 5). An example of antithesis based on it and its following lines examination of the critics opinion, this use of rhetoric allows for Kings audience to see the fault in their own argument. Furthermore, it allows for the clergymen to further consider Kings own position. Had this been make with ferocity, it would have elicited a horrendous response.Fortunately, King presented a kind and patient tone throughout his letter. He expressed understanding for the clergymens views and approached win over them gently. This can, arguably, be seen mo st evidently in the lines, If I have said anythingthat overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates my having a patience that allows me to settle for anything less than brotherhood, I beg God to forgive me, (King 9).King does not approach with accusation, demanding that the clergymen apologize for their judgments. Instead, he offers apologies on his side just in case he happened to over step some line. This attitude is further displayed in the closing, which reads, Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood, Martin Luther King Jr., (King 9). By expressing that he is interested in such positive relations in such a positive way, King is able to seal the deal, leaving his piece convincing enough to sway the most rigid of opponents.King sets out in his letter to persuade his fellow church goers of his positions, to demonstrate that that his argument is the one that should be fol lowed. He accomplishes this well by using some of the most effective literary tools for his audience, namely in the form of rhetorical devices, biblical references, classical appeals, and gentle tone. He started with the vast challenge of persuading his critics. In the end, he left his critics with the even more complex challenge of bringing themselves to further deny his opinion. If modern day is any indication, the majority failed miserably, if not for the betterment of society.

Does race affect treatment within CJS?

Does bunk push pr to each oneing within CJS?For this assignment I am going to explain how differences in race can affect the treatment and experience a person can receive within the outlaw justice system. I will use re attempt, legislation, policy and statistics to help answer the question. I will look into the different Criminal Justice brasss and analyse how race affects a persons treatment, I will similarly backup my findings through case studies which make the differences. Racism and race differences can occur within the natural law force, courts, probation and prisons. Because of race differences people from ethnic minorities ar treated differently and unfairly in each of the Criminal Justice Systems. A racialist incident is any incident which is perceived to be racist by the victim or any opposite person. (HMPS, 2007).The first part of the Criminal Justice System where an offender experiences race differences is the police force. The police pack been known to be inst itution on the wholey racist, In the criminal justice system it has become apparent that different ethnic groups are treated unequ altogethery, a recent report called zip and the Criminal Justice System showed that members of the vitriolic community are seven times more possible to be halt and searched, three and a half times more promising to be arrested, and five times more probable to be in prison then members of the White community, the same report also shows that Black communities are over represented and there is an under representation for Asian communities(Justice, 2007) . After the Brixton riots in 1981 lord Scarman produced a report into the factors causing the riots. The report showed that different factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as political, social and economic factors created the trigger for the protest. After the riots confidence and mistrust in the police and their methods were lost, before the protest there was no communication or liaison between the po lice or the community. The report outlined that necessary changes such as more ethnic minority officers needed to be busy and more training needed to be given. The report highlighted that institutional racism did non occur but there was racial discrimination and racial injustice towards the black community (BBC, 2004). Since the Macpherson report the Equality and Human rights commission presented a report as to whether there had been changes in the police force in ground of racial discrimination and equality. The first part of the report looked into employment, Statistics show that 8% of the total police force is do up of ethnic minorities, in all the different statistics there has been a steadily but slow increase in ethnic minorities, however it does also show that ethnic minority officers have a high resignation rate, especially within the first 6 months of service (Justice, 2007). Many police officers that deal with counter terrorism, firearms and robbery consist principal ly of albumen middle aged men who discriminate against Blacks and Asians, many Asians and Black officers have difficulty getting into the specialist squads, and feel as if it a shut shop for ethnic minorities. The second part of the report looked into stop and search, black members were seven times more likely to be stopped and searched by the police, and from the seven, hardly one was worthy enough for an arrest (Justice, 2007), this shows that there is still a disproportionate figure and that unnecessarily they were existence searched, this particular problem is common in police forces across the UK. For every 1000 Black people in England, there was an average of 102 stops for drug searches, the Metropolitan police carried out 75% of searches on Black people (Justice, 2007) , Since the July 7 bombings, there was an increase in the descend of Asians being stopped and searched. All statistics that are use for stop and search have a higher figure of minority ethnics, this shows t hat ethnic minorities are treated unfairly and are more likely to be searched then sporty people, this manner of stopping and searching on suspicion is being used excessively against Black and Asians. Members of the Black community are being regularly stopped for weapons such as knives and guns, and members of the Asian community are being stopped for terrorist related charges, both Black and Asian communities experience race differences through this. Race patterns are also frequent within the fingerprint and DNA samples, 40% of all black males are on the system, compared with 13% of Asians and 9% of whites (Justice, 2007). DNA samples of Black members are kept regardless of whether the person has committed a law-breaking or not, this stereotypes towards Black men because they are always prime suspects in certain crimes because of their high figures of samples. Racial incidents was another factor the report looked into, since the Stephen Lawrence case there have been many improve ments into the way race crime is dealt, police officers are being trained in culture and diversity and are now taking into account how serious race crimes are, and how serious they can become if they are not dealt with as soon as possible. The mother of Stephen Lawrence states that The police do mistakes then, but they learned their lesson and theyve not made the same mistake twice (BBC, 2005). In areas such as recruitment, training and tackling race crime, the police force is making clear progress, the statistics also back this up and there are many examples which show this also. as yet there are still issues and concerns that have been ignored such as the DNA database and stop and search differences, and mainly that black members are mostly seen as suspects in all crimes.Once a defendant has been charged, the police then seek charging advice from the CPS, the Crown Prosecution Service then decides what charge or designate the defendant should receive. The courts take many facto rs into consideration before making a decision, firstly they look at the nature of the offence, the plea, the offenders previous criminal history, mitigating or modify circumstances. A study showed that Black defendants were more likely to be convictd to custody then White defendants, and Asian defendants were less likely to be sentenced, the study also showed that Black and Asian offenders were given considerably larger sentences then White offenders. In other sentences such as fines and conditional discharges, Black offenders were more likely to be fined and less likely to be discharged compared to White offenders and also both Black and Asian offenders were more likely to receive community sentence then white offenders (Sharp, 2005). A black magistrate claimed that black defendants received harsh remarks, severe sentencing, disregard for personal mitigation, easy findings of guilt irrespective of evidence, most likely to refuse bail, most likely to be sentenced to prison and ge neral unfair practices (Bird, 2009). From this we can see that people from ethnic minorities are treated unfairly and they oftentimes experience a difference in sentencing from the CPSAn offender can be sentenced to attend probation by the CPS, the probation supervises the offenders behaviour and produces a report, the report is essential in the courts deciding the sentence. A recent report carried out on the probation service revealed that the probation service was infected by racism (Travis, 2000). The home office minister declared that There has been a systematic failure to address issues of race and racial discrimination in an adequate but appropriate way(Travis, 2000) The report outlined that white officers were uncomfortable when dealing with black offenders, they feared accusations of being racist, the report also showed that pre sentence reports for ethnic minorities had been of a poorer quality than those of the white offenders, these reports are very crucial in determinin g what the courts decide in what sentence to pass, if the probation officer writes a poor report because of the offenders ethnic background this could lead them to getting a severe punishment, that they do not deserve. Another reason why ethnic minority offenders are getting harsher penalties then white offenders could be down to the quality of the pre sentence report.The final examination part of the criminal justice system where an offender can receive different type of treatment is the prisons. In the past ten years the number of ethnic minority prisoners has increased considerably, ethnic minority prisoners needs are not always met and they are not given an equal amount of raise as other prisoners, ethnic minority prisoners are frequently treated with disrespect and often receive racial abuse. The commission for racial equality made a report into racial discrimination in the prisons, after the murder of Zahid Mubarek who was murdered in HMYOI Feltham and was believed to be rac ially motivated. Statistics show that racial incidents are on the increase, during 2006-2008 there was increase of 25% of complaints of racism, staff on prisoner racism increased by 13% (Guardian, 2010). Racial stereotyping is a main factor in prisons, black inmates were more likely to be targeted for drugs testing then white cellmates, and that locking a prisoner in a cell for punishment was used unreasonably towards ethnic minority prisoners (BBC, 2003). The prison service does not have a strategy to deal with Minority ethnic prisoners. In March 2009, a Muslim inmate at Glen Parva institute in Leicester was verbally abused by staff, one man said Ive been called a terrorist just because I take on my beard or stupid Muslim.I had so many problems in this joint I cant tell you. This is the worst prison Ive been too more racist than others the same person also states that when a complaint is made, nothing is done about it (BBC, 2009). From this interview we can see that racism is stil l common in prisons. Ethnic minority prisoners tend to be treated differently than the white prisoners, they regularly experience a difference in all factors such as black inmates targeted for drugs testing, they often receive racial abuse and they are treated unfairly.Labelling theory was developed by Howard Becker in 1963, it is known as the theory of deflection that views deviance as a label given to behaviours or attitudes by figures of influence, and this means that a person or an action is not deviant unless made by society. This theory relates to race and the criminal justice system because many people from all different races can carry out the same crime but only certain races are given a label or called deviant. This theory can be used for examples such as all black people deal in drugs and that youth in hoodies have ASBOs, although drug dealers can be from any background, society, police and people in position in general have stereotyped drug dealers as being from black communities.(Miller, 2009).ConclusionFor this assignment I have explained how differences in race affect the treatment and experience a person can receive within the criminal justice system. I have looked into the different Criminal Justice Systems and analysed how race affects a persons treatment, I have used case studies and peoples experiences to backup my findings which show the differences. I have started in the order that the CJS takes place, firstly I have explained how the police force are racist and how this can affect an offender, then I have gone on to explain how the CPS decision is influenced by the ethnicity of the offender, and eventually if an offender is sentenced to prison, what differences they experience and how they are treated differently from others.

Apple Motivates All Its Employees Commerce Essay

apple Motivates All Its Employees Commerce Essay apple is regarded as the approximately innovative and esteemed company in the world (Fortune 2009). According to Armstrong (2007) and Legge (2009) firms should bring into action a total reward system that puts together both fiscal and non-financial benefits. This is exactly what Apple has done to date and given its success, this approach has proven to be useful. Apples employees might even be motivated by Steve Jobs autocratic leading style (Thomke, et al, 2009), as the positive aspects of fiting for the company outweigh the negative aspects of being threatened. Apple desires to imbibe a workplace that encourages creativity from the top some management to the lower most workers. Apple puts together both outer and inner motivational methods to enable their employees to be innovative. There atomic number 18 various methods that Apple Inc. uses to motivate its workers. Once, the executives of Apple were rewarded by giving the reco gnition bonus of 3-5% of their basic salary. This recognition took place despite the fact that Apple recently missed their oddment/target for a particular project (ZDNet 2003). This shows that Apple comprehends groups efforts.New RecruitPeople who get selected to work for one of the most prestigious government activity in the world get in truth excited well before their first day at work. But, Apple makes sure that their first day is highly motivational from the period they step into the office. Apple does this by issuing a memo to every new employee on the very first day explaining them as to how they should leave their efforts and contri andion at the company. There has been a leak of this memo in the recent past, many people say its not the legitimate one but majority believes it is. It goes something like this Theres work and theres your lifes work. The kind of work that has your fingerprints in all over it. The kind of work that youll never compromise on. That youd sacrifi ce a workweekend for. You eject do that kind of work at Apple. People dont come here to play it safe. They come here to swim in the deep end. They want their work to add up to something. close tothing big, something that couldnt happen anywhere else. Welcome to Apple. This really boosts the energy level of the new joiners and gives them high motivation to show off their skills and talent.Benefits IncentivesAs we all know benefits package depend upon position, location, and years with the company. Same is followed by Apple as well, but they provide plenty of flexibility within the organization for employees and their family. Some of the Incentives that Apple provides atomic number 18 -Health and Life insurance.Long term care insurance.Employee stock purchase plan.Financial education seminars.Flexible spending accounts.Short and long-term disability coverage.Tuition assistance.Paid vacations and Holidays.Onsite fitness center.Computer Programs.401(k) Plan with company match.Appl e also motivates all its employees by giving them discount on the products which is very beneficial for most of them. Apple allows them to use this incentive only once every three years, but it could come into very handy when it comes to Mac or IPods. Employees who work at the management or corporeal level butt receive free IPod shuffle or IPhone. Many employees at Apple are simply motivated to see the outcome of their efforts on a particular product instead of money can sometimes be very further for the employees to learn more and perform better. It also proves to be good for the company as giving product is cheaper than giving them a raise. Due to high sales in the recent past for Apple, they have provided the employees with more vacation days which again add up to the motivational benefits from the managements point of view.While few workers have complained regarding the salary provided, many Apple employees praised the benefits provided to them even if they only worked part -time. At present, Apple provides workers who work 20 or more hours a week with 401k and health benefits. roughly jobs are available both for full-time and part-time, besides the managerial positions. Apple takes in many employees on seasonal basis, especially during back-to-school period or Christmas holidays starting line from Thanksgiving. Although they are offered these benefits, but many workers say that these plans are costlier than their full-time counterparts.The above clearly indicates that there is difference in benefits and incentives provided to the full-time employee when compared to part-time employees. This is mainly because the heart and soul of work the full-time employee does under such an immense pressure, whereas, part-time employee not necessarily work the entire week because their schedule is changed on every week basis. Other reason could possibly be that part-time workers dont really require the rest of the benefits as they are there only for a limited tim e period.Job SatisfactionThe new CEO of Apple Tim prepare has been leaving his mark in the company very firmly. Recently in Wall pathway daybook, it was reported that Cook is expanding the corporate benefits, such as to take some time off and the freedom to work on personal projects. Although Apple so far provides fewer perks compared to some other big companies like Google, Microsoft, etc. Cooks approach in the recent past has been the differentiating factor between him and Steve Jobs. When Wall Street Journal interviewed certain Apple engineers last year they had many good things to share or say about Cook rather than Steve Jobs. They gave examples like Cook is impulsive to eat with the lower level of employees at the cafeteria, much keener to publicly recognize the work done by his employees, him starting charitable matching program at Apple last year. They concluded by saying that he is way more approachable than Steve Jobs was. All this recent activities done by Cook depa rt lead to better job satisfaction than what Apple had earlier. Steve Jobs wasnt that much interested in the motivational sector, although he did a lot for the employees during the entire period that he served at Apple as a CEO. But, Cook has shown much more concern and interest towards employee welfare by adopting new techniques and making himself more fond to the employees. This definitely gives the employees much better satisfaction as they now have growing incentives and making them feel what they do is known to the world through their name.money as motivator?One of the process theories which are the goal-setting theory applies to the firm, focuses on the motivational properties of task goals. Employees within the company are highly motivated to gain task goals, which provide direction to employees in their work. The proper framework management of goals within Apple helps clear out performance expectations in the organization. They provide a base for behavioral self-managemen t, which helps employees to improve their performance and be motivated on their job.Apple applies to the reinforcement theory of motivation because it focuses on the external milieu and the consequences it holds for the individual. The organization mostly applies to the positive reinforcement schema which strengthens or increases the frequency of desirable behavior by making a pleasant consequence contingent on it occurrence. Examples of positive reinforcement at Apple include the rewards given by Jobs as mentioned above (opening champagne, vacations, company parties). All employees are motivated to do their shell work to accomplish goals because of the rewards they can receive.Incentive compensation system is another method that Apple uses to motivate employees. This includes bonus pay, which provides payments on accomplishing the targets or goals given to particularised employee during a particular period. They also have an employee stock ownership plan as mentioned earlier. T he performance incentive and ownerships share of ones employment is directly linked to separately other. Employees who hold stock of the company are self-motivated to work hard and perform better to raise the market value of the organization.Apple Inc. tries to keep a chemical equilibrium between both financial and non-financial motivators. Although many a times its clearly indicated that Apple uses monetary terms more for the welfare of the employee mainly because, then the employee can use it the way he likes it. The organization also uses non-monetary means to keep their employees pumped up on a frequent basis but Apple obviously prefers to use financial incentive. This could be in wages/salary form, bonus (executives paid 3-5% of their base salary), paid leave, to be able to buy stocks at a cheaper value, different insurance policies, etc.All put in a nutshell, Apple is definitely doing a lot for its employees as present, whether at corporate level or for the workers, be it fo r full time employees or part time workers. Before people did have complaints regarding the motivation, salary, incentives, bonus, working hours, etc. but as time is passing by Apple is learning the tricks and trade of it and also is making sure that it brings into action the most suitable and the right motivational strategy for its employees to perform better and make sure Apple stays real strong in the market. The backbone for any company is its employees and so is for Apple. After the goal of Steve Jobs, people talked within themselves whether Cook will be able to fit in Steve Jobs shoes or not? And all the critics were onto it in a flash. safekeeping all this in mind and the fact that many people believed that Apple may see a downfall due to Jobs death, but from the time Cook has taken charge Apple hasnt looked back. In fact Tim Cook has 97% of Approval rating in comparison to Steve Jobs 95% of Approval rating.Here are some of the famous quotes by Steve JobsInnovation distingui shes between a leader and a follower.Be a yardstick of quality, some people arent used to an environment where excellence is expected.The only way to do a great work is to love what you do.The people, who are crazy enough to think they can change the world, are the ones who do.

Photochemical Degradation of Pharmaceutics Experiment

Photochemical Degradation of Pharmaceutics ExperimentExperimental methodological psychoanalysisExperimental methodology executed for accomplishment of a project is one of the most important parts of remove, deciding the ultimate outcomes of the canvass. For the present study It aimed at metal doped MCM-41 for the removal of pharmaceutics by then degradation under UV irradiation. The present investigation was therefore designed to avoid discrepancies as much as possible, and to maximize the outcomes.The photochemical degradation of pharmaceutics has become an important index in ecological environment safety evaluation of drugs. To discharge the photodegradation profiles of drugs in the environment, many investigators have focuse on origin photolysis in organic solvents or in a dilute aqueous solution. The present study was based on photo degradation of deuce commonly used pharmaceutics i.e., salts of diclofenac and atorvastatin in several(predicate) solvents. Another perspectiv e of the present study was to deter instante the metal dopped mesoporous silicates materials as catalyst for the photo degradation of pharmaceutics under UV radiations, sun get down and in absence of crystallise.The details of the experimental methodology adopted are spelled out as under3.1 The glassware/ volumetric ApparatusThe proper and appropriately cleaned and calibrated glassware and volumetric apparatus is obligatory for accurate and precise analytical measurements. Thus, high quality pyrex glass-ware was used during the course of experiment. This apparatus was given done wash with detergent solution, diluted HNO3 and finally with distilled piss. alone the glassware used was dried at 100oC in an electric oven before use. All the apparatus like beakers, measuring flasks, pippets and graduated cylinders were calibrated prior to use.3.2 The Reagents deductive reasoning of mesoporous silica, metal dopping on synthesized mesoporous material and degradation studies required va rious reagents. In addition to other parameters, the success of experimental methodology also depended on their virtuousness and quality. So in order to ensure quality analytical grade chemicals which were purchased from Uni-chem (China), E.Merk (Germany), Riedel-deHaen (China) and Sigma Aldrich were used.Sodium silicate, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), H2SO4,(NH4)2 Ce(NO3)6, Cu(NO3)2.3H2O and copper acetate were obtained from sigma Aldrich with a crtified purity of 99.9%. In order to avoid any photo degradation, all the reagents were kept in dark.3.3 Equipments/ instruments useda. The following equipments were used for the successful completion of the present study.Magnetic stirrer/ Hot plateOvenShakerMuffle furnaceUV-irradiatorpH meterb Instrument UsedUV- Visible SpectrophotometerThe spectro photometric measurements were performed on a UV ocular double-beam spectrophotometer (U-2800). It operates on the principle of measurement of the intensity of light after passing thr ough a sample (I) and comparing it to the intensity of light before it passes through the sample (Io). The ratio (I/I0 ) is called the transmittance, and is usually expressed as a percentage (%T). The absorbance, A is calculated by the following equationA= log (%T/100)The basic compartment of a spectrophotometer include light source, sample holder, a diffraction grating or monochromator to separate the different vagabondlengths of light, and a detector. The radiation source is often a tungsten filament (300-2500nm) and a deuterium arc lamp, which is continuous over the ultraviolet region (190-400nm). More recently, light emitting diodes (LED) and xenon arc lamps for visible wave length have also been incorporated. The detector is typically a photodiode or CCD (charge couple device detector to enhance the uv spectrophotometer performance). Photodiodes present with monochromators filter the light so that only light of single wavelength reaches the detector. Diffraction gratings with CCDs collect light of different wavelength on different pixels.1og10Io/I= lc= greek letter, epsilonl= length of solution the light passese through(cm)c = concentration of solution (mol dm-3)The expression 1og10Io/I is known as the absorbance of the solution and is measured by the spectrometer.For the present study the UV spectrophotometer was used for determine the degradation of different pharmaceutical products under different conditions. For this purpose the absorbance of diclofenac sodium was recorded at a wavelength of 276 nm and that of atorvastatin was recorded at wavelength of 246 nm.c Bruker alpha ATR spectrophotometerThe Platinum ATR is a single reflection diamond ATR sampling module that is designed to significantly ease analysis. The ergonomic one finger secure mechanism simplifies the sample positioning. The robust diamond crystal allows analyze nearly all kind of liquid and solid samples. For the present study the IR analysis of MCM-41, Cu/MCM-41 and Ce/MCM-41 wasc S DT-Q600 Thermo Gravimetric AnalyserThe TA Instruments SDT-Q600 Simultaneous TGA / DSC provides simultaneous measurement of weight change (TGA) and true differential heat proceed (DSC) on the same sample from ambient to 1,500 C. It features a field-proven horizontal dual beam design with automatic beam growth compensation, and the ability to analyze two TGA samples simultaneously.For the present study the thermogravimetric analysis of mesoporous silicate was3.2 Analytical Methodology3.2.1 conceptualisation of mesoporous silicaFor the preparation of mesoporous silica the method of Taron et.al was used. i In this method the sodium silicate was used as a source of silica and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) used as a surfactant. Briefly, a 15.75g part of sodium silicate was dissolved in 45.75g of DDW and steamy for 15 minutes at mode temperature in a poly propylene container (A). A 13.535g of CTAB was separately dissolved in 200 ml of twice distilled water at room temperature to prepare an aqueous solution of CTAB (B). To a stirred solution of precursor (A), the template solution (B) was added drop wise. After the completion of addition, the solution was advertise stirred for about 1h. Subsequently the pH of the contents was maintained at 10.5 by using 11 H2SO4, (6.7ml) which yielded a gel that was further stirred for about 45 minutes. The polypropylene container was then sealed and allowed to age for twenty four hours at room temperature without stirring. The gel thus obtained was filtered, washed with doubly distilled water to get rids of ions present as impurities and dried in an electric oven at 120oC. Thus dried product was allowed to calcine at a heat energy rate of 3oC/min for 6 hours while maintaining a maximum temperature of 550oC. The product obtained after calcinations was mesoporous silica MCM-41, that was used for further experiments.3.2.2 Metal impregnation of mesoporous silicaa) planning of CeO2/MCM-41Li et.al method was adopted for th e synthesis of MCM-41/CeO2.ii This is based on grinding of precursors. In this method, 0.6402 g of (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 and 0.3g of synthesized MCM-41 were placed in a mortar and ground significantly at room temperature conditions. The obtained solid was calcined at a heating rate of 5oC/min until the maximum temperature obtained 550 C in air for 3 to 4 h to remove the surfactant moleculesiiib) Preparation of copper supported mesoporous silica (Cu/MCM-41)The copper was loaded on the mesoporous support material through wet impregnation of silica. 2g of silica was stirred in 0.025M of 20mL copper acetate for 24 hours at room temperature. The copper impregnated silica was washed with distilled water to remove free copper and acetate ions and then dried at 70oC for 12h. The copper impregnated silica was calcined at 600oC for 4 h to get silica supported copper sample (Cu-MS).ivc) Preparation of Cu-dopped MCM-41 with different percentagesThe MCM-41 mesoporous powder material after drying at 120 oC over night was impregnated with solutions of different concentrations separately under continuous stirring for 12 h at room temperature, and then they were dried at 100oC. The obtained materials were calcined in air from room temperature to 150oC at 5oC/min and held at 150oC for 1 h, and then heated from 150oC to 250oC at the rate of 5oC/min and held at 250oC for 1 h, at last heated from 250oC to 330oC at 5oC/min and held at 330oC for 2 h. By using this procedure, samples containing 5, 10 and 15 wt% Cu-MCM-41 was prepared. v3.2.3 Degradation studiesPreparation of Pharmaceutics StandardsPharmaceutics Stock Solution PreparationA primary standard solution of pharmaceutics with concentration 1000 ppm was prepared by turn 0.1 g of pharmaceutics in 100 mL of solvent. The solution was kept in refrigerator at 4oC prior to use.Pharmaceutics Spiking Solution PreparationThe mediocre standard solutions of pharmaceutics were prepared by diluting 0.5, 0.4. 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1mL of 1000ppm of st ock solution upto 10mL of solvent to prepare 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10 ppm of standards. prepare of lightEffect of timeEffect of metalEffect of metal loading levelsEffect of pHREFERENCESi H. W. Lee , H. J. Cho , J.H. Yim , J. M. Kim , J.K. Jeon , J. M.Sohn , K.S. Yoo , S.S. Kim , Y.K. Park , Removal of Cu(II)-ion over amine-functionalized mesoporous silica materials, Journal of Industrial and Engineering chemistry (17) 504509(2011)ii H. R.Pouretedal, M.Ahmadi, Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of MCM-41 and MCM-48 impregnated with CeO2 nanoparticles, journal of International Nano Letters, 210(2012)iii (Li, Y, Yan, B, Functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 with CeF3 Eu3+ nanoparticle by three different methods synthesis, characterization, and photoluminescence. Nanoscal. Res. Lett. 5, 701708 (2010).iv Manish dixit, Manis mishra, P.A.Joshi, D.O.Shah, Study on the catalytic properties of silica supported copper catalysts, journal of procedia engineering, 51, 467-472(2013) .v Ye Wan, Chao Chen, Weiming Xiao, Lijuan Jian, Ning Zhang, Ni/MIL-120 An efficient metalorganic framework catalyst for hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane , Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 17, 1 913(2013).

The Influential Power of Oprah Winfrey Essay -- essays research papers

How can one person, whom most mickle feel never met, specify the lives of people in the military personnel nowadays in such positive ways? Oprah Winfrey has been able to persuade and inspire many people around the world today because she has simply believed in herself and the good of the people. Oprah once said, Create the highest, grandest vision possible for your life because you become what you believe (Lowe 170). The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Angel Network, and Oprahs Book hunting lodge have been some of the most indoctrinating pieces of work by Oprah. Moreover, these creations have been the ultimate techniques Oprah has used to reach out to the people of the world. Oprah Winfrey, one of the most influential, dynamic, and powerful women of todays society, has devoted her lifes works to influencing the people of the world. Millions of viewers tune in daily to be educated, entertained, or simply enlivened by Oprah as she visits them in the company of their own home. Oprahs show has been so successful because of the ways in which she thinks and believes. Oprah said, a good talk show ordain stimulate thought, present new ideas, and maybe give you a sense of hope where there wasnt any-a feeling of encouragement, enlightenment inspire you (Lowe 151). The Oprah Winfrey Show has provided people with symmetrical, lucid, and comprehensive information on various topics. For example, money management and family finance issues were subjects for discussion during an episode on the show. Furthermore, shows need multidimensional aspects to keep the audience aroused, so a celebrity hour has energized the show. Such celebrities as Tom Cruise or Julia Roberts have been ostentatious guests of the hour. Moreover, the majority of viewers seemed really invigorated and motivated by Oprah with one particular topic of weight loss. For instance, society has battled with the issue of weight and Oprahs own success with weight loss really encourage her viewers to do the same. He re is one inspirational thought Oprah has stated The bottom line is, you cannot lose weight until you make yourself enough of a antecedence to do the things you need to do to make it happen (Winfrey). In conclusion, Oprahs diversity on her talk show has empowered people through idiot box by educating, entertaining, and inspiring. Oprah has continued to stick to her guns about keeping The Oprah Winfrey Show on higher... ...he Book Club have been the very reasons Oprah has become such a supreme reinforcement of character and morale in todays society. Oprah has created several resources of communication in order to influence, inspire, educate, and strengthen others. Oprahs own determination and perseveration has inspired her to give back to others. Oprah statedDont complain about what you dont have. Use what youve got. To do less than your best is a sin. Every single one of us has the power for greatness, because greatness is determined by service-to yourself and others (Lowe 167) .All her works and creations have had one mission the desire to rectify the world and empower people. This simply stated mission has been the key to Oprahs influential impact on people she has never met and in return, millions of people have remained loyal to her. Works CitedLowe, Janet. Oprah Winfrey Speaks Insight From The Worlds Most Influential Voice. New York Wiley, 1998.Oprah.com Live Your Best Life. Ed. Harpo Productions, Incorporated. January 2005. Harpo Productions Incorporated. 16 January 2005 Winfrey, Oprah. Lose Weight with Oprah. The Oprah Magazine Feb. 2005 109-114.

Momadays The Way To Rainy Mountain: Summary :: essays research papers

Momadays The Way to showery Mountain SummaryN. Scott Momaday divides his book The Way to Rainy Mountain in aninteresting manner. The book is divided into three chapters, each of whichcontains a dozen or so numbered sections, each of which is divided into three secerns. The number 1 part of each numbered section tends to be a legend or a taradiddleof the Kiowa culture. However, this characteristic changes a bit as the bookevolves, as does the style and feel of the stories.The first passage in the first numbered section describes the Kiowacreation myth. It notifys that they came into the world through a hollow log. Thenext ones testify of a dog saving the life of a man, the story of how Tai-me becamepart of their culture, and other stories. These, especially in the firstbeginning of the first part, are stories which relate imperishable tales. The eventsdescribed took place long ago, though nobody knows how long. In addition, theendings of the tales would probably be described as having a good outcome. Thepeople were created and they found friends in the physical and spiritual world.The first part of the book describes the beginning of the Kiowa culture andtheir development.Towards the end of the first part, the tone of the stories changes.Instead of describing different stories each time, they begin to tell a storywhich continues through six numbered sections. The story relates the life of ababy who grows into the suns wife who then has a child who becomes twochildren, who become prestigious people in the eyes of the Kiowa. These stories donot explain things like the creation of the people, or the reason dogs and menare friends, or the origin of Tai-me. They tell what happened to some people.The last part of the book, the last third, is mostly narrative. Insteadof telling myths to explain things, Momaday tells stories which relate eventswithout any significant outcome. Also, in contrast to the first part of the book,the outcomes seem to be bad ones, or at least not fulfilling. They describe, fora large part, people whom he knows existed and were related to or were friendsof his family. One story tells about Mammedaty, who heard someone whistling tohim, but could not find the person. Another tells about how Mammedaty was havingtrouble with a horse, so he shot an cursor at it, but missed and killed anotherhorse. These endings do not leave the reader or listener with a good feeling